Good practices

All the relevant basics are covered. Now let's talk about some good practices.

JSON renaming

Due to Rust style, all our message variants are spelled in a camel case. It is standard practice, but it has a drawback - all messages are serialized and deserialized by the serde using those variants names. The problem is that it is more common to use snake cases for field names in the JSON world. Luckily there is an effortless way to tell the serde, to change the names casing for serialization purposes. I mentioned it earlier when talking about query messages - #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]. Sylvia will automatically generate it for you in case of messages. Unfortunately, in case of responses to your messages, you will have to do it by yourself. Let's update our response with this attribute:

use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, schemars::JsonSchema, Debug, Default)]
#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub struct AdminListResp {
    pub admins: Vec<String>,
}

Looking at our AdminListResp, you might argue that all these derive look too clunky, and I agree. Luckily the cosmwasm-schema crate delivers cw_serde macro, which we can use to reduce a boilerplate:

use cosmwasm_schema::cw_serde;

#[cw_serde]
pub struct AdminListResp {
    pub admins: Vec<String>,
}

JSON schema

Talking about JSON API, it is worth mentioning JSON Schema. It is a way of defining the shape of JSON messages. It is a good practice to provide a way to generate schemas for contract API. The problem is that writing JSON schemas by hand is a pain. The good news is that there is a crate that would help us with that. We have already used it before, and it is called schemars. Sylvia will force you to add this derive to your responses and will generate messages with it.

The only thing missing is new a crate-type in our Cargo.toml:

[package]
name = "contract"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]

[features]
library = []

[dependencies]
cosmwasm-std = { version = "2.0.4", features = ["staking"] }
cosmwasm-schema = "2.0.4"
serde = { version = "1.0.147", features = ["derive"] }
sylvia = "1.1.0"
schemars = "0.8.16"
thiserror = "1.0.37"
cw-storage-plus = "2.0.0"
cw-utils = "2.0.0"

[dev-dependencies]
anyhow = "1"
cw-multi-test = "2.1.0"

I added rlib. cdylib crates cannot be used as typical Rust dependencies. As a consequence, it is impossible to create examples for such crates.

The next step is to create a tool generating actual schemas. We will do it by creating a binary in our crate. Create a new bin/schema.rs file:

use contract::contract::sv::{ContractExecMsg, ContractQueryMsg, InstantiateMsg};
use cosmwasm_schema::write_api;

fn main() {
    write_api! {
        instantiate: InstantiateMsg,
        execute: ContractExecMsg,
        query: ContractQueryMsg,
    }
}

Notice that I used here ContractExecMsg and ContractQueryMsg instead of ExecMsg and QueryMsg. It is important as the latter will not expose the interface messages.

Cargo is smart enough to recognize files in the src/bin directory as utility binaries for the crate. Now we can generate our schemas:

cargo run schema
   Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.03s
     Running `target/debug/schema schema`
Exported the full API as /home/janw/workspace/confio/sylvia-book-contract/schema/contract.json

I encourage you to go to generated file to see what the schema looks like.

The problem is that unfortunately creating this binary makes our project fail to compile on the Wasm target - which is the most important in the end. Hopefully, we don't need to build the schema binary for the Wasm target - let's align the .cargo/config file:

[alias]
wasm = "build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --release --lib"
wasm-debug = "build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --lib"
schema = "run schema"

The --lib flag added to wasm cargo aliases tells the toolchain to build only the library target - it would skip building any binaries. Additionally, I added the convenience schema alias to generate schema calling simply cargo schema.

Disabling entry points for libraries

Since we added the rlib target for the contract, it is, as mentioned before, usable as a dependency. The problem is that the contract depending on ours, would have Wasm entry points generated twice - once in the dependency and once in the final contract. We can work this around by disabling generating Wasm entry points for the contract if the crate is used as a dependency. We would use feature flags for that.

Start with updating Cargo.toml:

[package]
name = "contract"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]

[features]
library = []

[dependencies]
cosmwasm-std = { version = "2.0.4", features = ["staking"] }
sylvia = "1.1.0"
schemars = "0.8.16"
cosmwasm-schema = "2.0.4"
serde = "1.0.180"
cw-storage-plus = "2.0.0"
thiserror = "1.0.44"

[dev-dependencies]
sylvia = { version = "1.1.0", features = ["mt"] }
cw-multi-test = "2.1.0"

This way, we created a new feature flag for our crate. Now we want to disable the entry_points attribute if our contract would be used as a dependency. We will do it by a slight update of our src/contract.rs:

#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "library"), entry_points)]
#[contract]
impl CounterContract {
}

The cfg_attr is a conditional compilation attribute, similar to the cfg we used before for the test. It expands to the given attribute if the condition expands to true. In our case - it would expand to nothing if the feature "library" is enabled, or it would expand just to #[entry_point] in another case.

Since now to add this contract as a dependency, don't forget to enable the feature like this:

[dependencies]
my_contract = { version = "0.1", features = ["library"] }